Selenium-containing compositions and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The use of selenite- or selenate-containing preparations supplemented with pharmaceutically acceptable or food-compatible acids for the preparation of an agent intended for topical or buccal application or mucosal administration is described.

The invention relates to new uses of selenium-containing aqueous solutions as well as pharmaceutically administrable or food-compatible selenium preparations.

Biochemically, all metabolic processes occurring in organic living beings (plants, animals, humans) in the sense of growth, differentiation and energy processes constitute interplays between reductive and oxidative processes. These “redox processes” are in fact expressions of the electron transmission. of biochemical reduction equivalents such as, e.g., NADH+H⁺ (electron donor) to atomospheric molecular oxygen as an oxidant (electron acceptor). The oxidation of our nutrients (fats, carbohydrates, proteins, oxygen) serves for the permanent maintenance and development of our biological structures.

On the other hand, it is exactly our cellular and subcellular structures, the tissues and organs they form, and lastly every organic individual, which in their entirety are composed exactly of those structures (nutrients) which must be continuously supplied from outside for the maintenance and development of living organisms, oxidized for energy recovery, but at the same time also serve the maintenance of functional, anatomical and histological structures. In the end, these biological structures are thus as oxidizable as the nutrients that must be oxidized to maintain our energy of life. In order to prevent the “auto-oxidation” of biological structures, the organic living organism avails itself of endogenous and exogenous “antioxidants”. Endogenous antioxidants include enzymes and enzyme systems such as superoxide dismutase, catalases, peroxidases, cholesterol and reduced glutathione, while exogenous antioxidants constitute, for instance, vitamin A, β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C or selenium.

The measure for the “antioxidative capacity”, i.e., the readiness to transmit electrons to other atoms and molecules, is quantitatively expressed by what is called the “reduction potential” (standard redox potential). The following Table 1 gives a survey on the standard redox potentials of some endogenous and exogenous antioxidants of organic living beings:

TABLE 1 Standard redox potentials of some antioxidants E_(o) (Volt) System +0.82 O₂/H₂O +0.366 (basic medium) selenite +0.300 tocopherol (vitamin E) +0.100 ubichinon (coenzyme Q₁₀) +0.08 ascorbic acid +0 (+0.16 to −0.02 V) flavonoids −0.12 riboflavin (vitamin B₂) −0.22 cystin/cystein −0.23 G SH/GSSG −0.29 thioctic acid (α-lipoic acid) −0.32 NADH + H⁺/NAD −0.740 (acidic medium) selenite

Antioxidants are, thus, atoms and molecules (for the human organism and, above all, nutrient molecules and enzyme complexes) which react more rapidly with metabolic radicals than biological structures. Consequently, they protect our cell, gene and connective tissue structures by capturing metabolic trigger sparks (radicals, peroxides) before those, for instance, unsaturated fatty acids will attack our biomembranes or sulphur-containing components of vital structural or enzymatic proteins. As is apparent from the above Table, certain elements such as, e.g., selenium will alter their standard redox potential at a change of the pH environment in which these compounds are dissolved.

Selenium is an essential trace element for higher animals and man. It exhibits a protective function for proteins against oxidation caused, for instance, by glutathione peroxidase, which contains the aminoacid selenocystein in its active center. A lack of selenium is associated with rheumatism and grey cataract; the Keshan disease, which occurs in some areas of China, is considered as a selenium deficiency disease. Selenites are able to intensify the effects of vitamin E and are responsible for the detoxication of mercury. A protective action of selenium against carcinogens is also postulated.

On the other hand, higher concentrations of selenium are toxic, the toxicity being attributed to the fact that selenium is able to displace the sulfur contained in. proteins. Its excretion, as a rule, takes place in the form of selenate via the kidney and the intestines. Disorders of the human. body will be caused if the daily nutrition contains more than 1 μg selenium/g (with a minimum content. of 0.02 μg selenium/g being required to prevent deficiency symptoms). Overall, the human body contains about 10 to 15 μg selenium.

Symptoms of intoxication also occur with animals at more than 5 to 10 μg selenium/g contained in animal feed, involving, for instance, the inhibition of growth, loss of hair, softening of corns and hoofs, and loss of feathers with birds. Yet, selenium is also necessary for animals in the breeding of chicks, turkeys and pigs, and to avoid specific diseases of faiuu animals and, in particular, sheep. Sodium selenite and sodium selenate are therefore required as mixed feed additives or pasture fertilizers, because either the natural selenium content of animal and vegetable feeds is often insufficient or the element is insufficiently released.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,515 describes a selenium-containing drink which is mixed with citric acid and ascorbic acid, the solution having to have a pH of 2.75 or more. According to that document, the point is primarily to reach a pH of more than 2.75 by adding citric and ascorbic acids, because—according to the premise of that document—sodium selenite would otherwise be inactivated by acids. Thus, acids are added in order to ensure pH stability. The standard redox potential is affected already when using but one of the selected acids, yet this is not addressed there.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,515, furthermore, describes the oral administration of these preparations merely to maintain health and prevent the formation of spontaneous tumors of the mammary gland.

DE 44 37 403 A1 describes antioxidants which, amongst others, contain organically bound selenium. The subject matter of that document is based on the combination of different antioxidative substances which are said to result in significant synergistic effects.

However, the antioxidant combination according to DE 44 37 403 A1 is likewise provided only for internal use (the mixture described in that reference constituting an extremely complex mixture of vitamins and trace elements).

Finally, DE 43 35 441 A1 relates to agents for the prophylaxis of cardiovascular diseases, which. contain salicylic acid derivatives as well as a selenium-containing compound. Acetylsalicylic acid is a pharmacon known to improve the rheological properties of blood.

EP 0 000 670 A1 discloses pharmaceutical formulations that may contain selenites or selenates, yet also ascorbic acid. The combination of selenite (or its respectively present oxidation stage) and ascorbic acid entails undesired redox reactions (selenite being reduced to selenium by ascorbic acid) which would reduce the elevated antioxidative potential of a combination of selenite with acids.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,389 refers to dermatological disorders. Those disorders are treated with an agent containing glycolic acid, salicylic acid or lactic acid as well as an absorbable dermatological zinc compound, e.g. zinc selenate, as the essential active component. CN 1 126 042 A, according to its abstract, relates to a hygienic cream rich in γ-sodium linolenate (or linolic acid (according to the title)) and. selenium, which cream is comprised of vegetable oil and sodium selenite.

DE 43 20 694 C2 discloses the use of selenium compounds to be externally applied in the case of warts. A combination with acids is neither described nor rendered obvious.

In DE 44 19 783 A1, a hair cure-care shampoo containing organic acids and, amongst others, selenium salts is described.

It was the object of the present invention to provide new uses for selenium-containing preparations and to introduce selenite- or selenate-containing preparations to new food/feed-technological as well as pharmaceutical applications, or enhance their actions on these sectors.

In accordance with the invention, this object is achieved by the use of selenite-containing compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable acids selected from citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, carbonic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, various fruit acids or mixtures thereof, for the preparation of an agent intended for the topical or buccal application, or mucosal administration, in the prophylaxis or treatment of inflammatory diseases.

It has been shown that it is feasible to provide compositions with elevated antioxidative potentials by the addition of such acids to aqueous solutions of inorganic selenium compounds. Surprisingly, the compositions prepared according to the invention, namely, in particular, solutions, gels, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, etc., will also show therapeutic effects if applied in a manner in which this elevated antioxidative potential is preserved at least for some time. This is the case if, upon application on the therapeutic target site, the increased antioxidative potential is still present and has not been diluted, for instance, by application solutions or body liquids like blood (e.g., at intravenous applications) or by gastric or intestinal contents (at oral applications). Accordingly, the present invention relates to the use of these preparations for external (i.e., topical or buccal) application or the direct application on mucous membranes (mucosal application).

It has been shown that the use according to the invention is suitable for a wide range of clinical pictures, particularly prooxidative ones, wherein it is feasible in many cases to combine the treatment according to the invention, or the agent to be used according to the invention, with other therapeutic measures.

In a preferred manner, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, preferably silicon dioxide and, in particular, highly disperse silicon dioxide, is added to the agent to be used according to the invention, which carrier is specially prepared for the respective type of application and hence suitable for topical or buccal or mucosal application in a highly specific manner. Such application-specific additives or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sufficiently known to the skilled artisan with regard to the respectively desired form of application, and even the respectively concerned mucosa, and readily transferable to the subject matter of the present invention.

The use according to the invention for the prophylaxis and treatment of inflammatory diseases is preferably applied in the field of dental medicine, for instance in the event of periodontal diseases and, in particular, stomatitis, aphthae or leucoplakia.

It has, furthermore, been shown that the agent according to the invention is excellently suitable for the treatment of mycoses. An efficient treatment of external mycoses has, thus, become feasible according to the invention, whereby infections, particularly those with dermatophytes (skin mycoses), can be treated above all with a topical formulation, whereas for infections with yeast or mold fungi means suitably applied on mucosae can be additionally employed. The agent according to the invention is above all suitable for the treatment of superficial mycoses, yet it is also feasible to treat cutaneous and subcutaneous dermatomycoses in accordance with the invention as long as such mycoses can still be reached by the antioxidative potential inherent in the agent according to the invention, i.e., before any dilution of said potential has occurred.

Mycoses derived from Cladosporium carrionii, Phialophora compacta, Phialophora dermatitidis, Phialophora pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, Sporothrix schenckii, Cephalosporium spp., Madurella grisea, Madurella mycetomi, Petriellidium boydii, Aspergillus fumigatus, Rhizopus oryzae, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis are preferably combated in accordance with the invention.

During such treatment, the agent to be used according to the invention is preferably supplemented with an antimycotic. Preferred applications in the treatment of mycoses comprise the skin, genitals, ear as well as oral and nasal mucosae.

The selenium-containing agent to be used according to the invention preferably has a pH of below 7.0, preferably below 5.0, particularly below 4.0, during application. Particularly preferred agents according to the invention have pH values ranging from 6.0 to 2.0 and, in particular, 3.0 to 2.5.

Basically, the nature of the food-compatible or pharmaceutically administrable acid added is not critical. Ascorbic acid may, however, lead to a reduction of the inorganic selenium compound. to elementary selenium, which in many cases is unsuitable for ready-to-use preparations. Therefore, acids that do not entail any reduction of inorganic selenium compounds to elementary selenium are preferably employed. Especially citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, carbonic acid as well as other organic and inorganic acids such as, e.g., sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, various fruit acids or mixtures of these acids are, thus, particularly well apt for the present invention.

The composition to be used according to the invention may not only be provided in an aqueous solution. Other preferred forms include ointments, gels or emulsions, which are particularly suitable for the topical, buccal or mucosal administration according to the invention.

It goes without saying that the agent to be used according to the invention may additionally contain auxiliary substances like buffer substances, coloring agents, stabilizers or carrier substances and/or further active components such as, e.g., antibiotics, antiviral agents, antimycotics, analgetics or anti-inflammatory agents, said auxiliary substances being also usable in any possible combination. The respective type of auxiliary substance or further active component is a function of the respective use in each individual case. The agent is preferably applied on carrier materials, preferably medical sponges and/or other adsorbing materials and, in particular, wound cones. With weeping diseases, the addition of physically adsorbing auxiliary substances of the type including highly disperse silicates has proved to be particularly advantageous.

Other particularly preferred indications of the agent according to the invention comprise the superficial treatment of tumors, the treatment or prophylaxis of infections with papilloma-viruses, particularly in the genital region, the topical, buccal or mucosal prevention or treatment of peroxidic diseases, the topical, buccal or mucosal prevention or treatment or radical diseases, the prevention or treatment of inflammatory processes like periodontitis, sunburn, insect bites and inflammatory burn and wound healing processes.

If desired, the buccal treatment of herpes simplex infections as well as of pigmented spots and also the treatment of “dolor post extractionem” can each be effected, above all, with preparations according to the invention in gel or droplet form.

The invention will be explained in more detail by way of the following examples, to which it is, of course, not limited.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of an Acidified Sodium Selenite Solution

An acidified sodium selenite solution was prepared to have the following composition (per 100 ml):

Sodium selenite pentahydrate 0.111 g Maltodextrin 0.5 g Citrus flavor 0.1 g Citric acid 0.5 g Food dye 0.01 g Potassium sorbate 0.1 g Sodium benzoate 0.05 g Aqua destillata 99.29 g

Example 2 Treatment of Herpes Simplex Infections

Twelve adult patients (seven females, five males) as well as eight children (four females, four males) suffering from diagnosed stomatitis herpetica/aphtosa were buccally administered five droplets five times a day (children having received a ten-fold-diluted solution) and simultaneously treated externally (five time swabbing per day of the affected sites with the droplets), usually over a period of seven days. Seven out of eight children, in addition to the antioxidative selenium therapy, were prescribed local anaesthetics and/or antibiotics and/or antimycotics and/or analgetics and anti-inflammatory agents, but no additional antiviral therapy.

Nine out of twelve adults were exclusively treated with the strongly antioxidative selenium droplets, one out of twelve patients received an antiviral drug (Aciclovir) besides the droplets. The results are indicated in the following Table 2.

TABLE 2 Patient Previous Side Success of No. Sex Incidence treatment effects therapy Herpes Labialis Therapy 1 m 1 y local ointment none 1 therapy 2 m monthly apy none 1 3 m 3-5 y Aciclovir none 1 4 f 3 y Aciclovir none 1 5 m — Aciclovir — 1 6 f 3 y — none 2 7 f monthly Famvir none 1 8 f 3-5 y Aciclovir none 1 9 f 3 y Aciclovir none 1 10 f 3 y Aciclovir none 1 Aciclovir Stomatis Herpetica/Aphtosa Therapy 11 m — Xylocain none 1 12 f — — none 2 13 f — — none 1 14 m — — none 1 15 m — — none 1 16 f — — none 2 17 m — — none 1 18 f — — none 2 19 f — — none 2 20 m monthly — none 2 m = male f = female 1 y = once a year 2 y = twice a year 3 y = three a year 3-5 y = three to five times a year 1 = very good 2 = good 3 = insufficient

The examination reports of the examining physician revealed excellent therapeutical successes (disappearance of itching, healing of vesicles) in nineteen out of twenty cases already after three to seven days. Those patients who suffered from herpes recurrences showed marked improvements in the recurrence rates (extension of recurrence-free intervals), or even the complete disappearance of recurrences, after the buccal and external application of the droplets as against an Aciclovir therapy.

Example 3 Treatment of Pigmented Spots

Pigmented spots (socalled age spots) go back to an increased deposition of radically and peroxidically destroyed protein fatty acid and membrane-fat structures in. the subcutaneous tissue, appearing as locally delimited light- to dark-brown discolorations having approximately the sizes of pinheads. Three adult persons (two females, one male) applied the selenium droplets described (by rubbing in five to ten droplets five times a day on the affected sites on the back of the hand) over a period of two months. The application resulted in a noticeable reduction of the number of pigmented spots or a brightening of dark pigmented spots, respectively.

Example 4 Treatment of Periodontal Diseases

Periodontal diseases rank among the most widespread health problems. The composition according to Example 1 was, therefore, applied as a spraying solution in the following nine patients:

6 patients suffering from stomatitis

3 patients afflicted by aphthae

The patients received one to two spraying strokes three times a day for about one to two weeks. In all of the nine cases, at least a marked improvement of the clinical picture could be observed after the treatment.

TABLE 3 Patient Age Duration Success No. Sex group Diagnosis of therapy of therapy 1 male 1974 gingivostomatitis 9 days complete regression; visible improvement 2 male 1988 gingivostomatitis 13 days  visible improvement 3 female 1959 massive 7 days complete gingivostomatitis regresion; visible improvement 4 male 1978 gingivostomatitis substantial improvement 5 female 1942 gingivostomatitis 4 days substantial improvement 6 female 1932 stomatitis, 6 days substantial Candida infection improvement 7 male 1968 aphthae 6 days substantial improvement 8 female 1945 aphthae 3 days substantial improvement 9 male 1972 aphthae 4 days substantial improvement

Example 5

In the course of the study, 53 patients were treated for “dolor post extractionem” and observed. The goal of the observation series was the reduction of pain and the improvement of wound healing.

Those 53 patients, 30 females and 23 males, suffering from “dolor post extractionem” were treated with a preparation having the following composition:

Sodium selenite pentahydrate  0.11 g Maitodextrin  0.5 g Citrus flavor  0.1 g Citric acid  0.5 g Food dye  0.01 g Potassium sorbate  0.1 g Sodium benzoate  0.05 g Aqua destillata 99.29 g n = 53 sex: F 30 56.6% M 23 43.4% n = 53 age: under 30 13 24.5% 31 to 50 31 58.5% 51 and up  9 17.0%

Mode of Procedure:

After cleansing of the wound with a 0.9% sodium chloride solution, the inlay impregnated with the above-described solution was placed.

Most of the patients were between 20 and 35 years old (Table 4).

Also localization was distributed as follows:

-   -   upper jaw 34.5% (19 patients)     -   lower jaw 65.5% (38 patients)

At the general medical examination, 30% of all patients (i.e., 16 cases) were diagnosed to have diseases like diabetes mellitus and/or arterial hypertension.

53% of all patients (28 cases) had taken analgetics and antibiotics before they began the selenite treatment.

The evaluation of its action was based on the number of treatments until the attainment of freedom from pain:

TABLE 5 Number of Patients treatments n = 53 in % 1 26 49 2 16 30 3 9 17 4 1 2 7 1 2

Results: 49% of the patients (26 cases) were free from pain after one treatment, 30% of the patients (16 cases) were free from pain after two treatments. Thus, it can be said that freedom from pain was achieved by one to two treatments in 79% of all patients (42 cases).

The extremely surprising results of the present application observations with the preparations to be used according to the invention have, thus, demonstrated that the application of antioxidants with strong (i.e., low) standard reduction potentials is very effective in the case of wounds and, in particular, inflammatory and/or non-inflammatory painful processes in the dental region.

Example 6 Treatment of Papillomatoses

Papillomatoses are cauliflower-like growths which are caused by the socalled papillomavirus. From a histological point of view, papillomas are in most cases benign surface-epithelium tumors which are localized on the oral mucosa, the draining urinary tract, the thigh and lower leg as well as the anal and genital mucosae. A progression by papillomavirus-induced benign tumors to carcinomas may occur after long papilloma persistences.

Three female patients (aged 6, 39, 53) exhibited perianal papilloma warts (verrucae) and were treated with a preparation having the following composition:

Methylparaben PH Eur 0.61 g Polyparaben PH Eur 0.33 g Sodium sorbate PH Eur 1.27 g Purified water PH Eur 993.48 g Citrus flavor 1.00 g Peppermint oil 0.20 g Citric acid 2.00 g Sodium selenite pentahydrate 1.11 g Aerosil 200 30.00 g 1,030.00 g

The silicate-containing selenite solution was applied on the afflicted skin sites at a dosage of 3-5 droplets five times a day. In all three patients, the papilloma warts disappeared within a period of 3 weeks. The treatment was stopped after the disappearance of the warts. 

1-9. (canceled)
 10. A method for ameliorating or treating an insect bite, comprising obtaining a composition comprising a selenite-containing compound and at least one of citric acid, acetic acid, malic acid, carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and a fruit acid, and topically administering an effective amount of the composition to a skin site of an individual having the insect bite or at risk of being bitten by an insect.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition is an aqueous solution and has a pH of below 7.0.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition has a pH of below 5.0.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the composition has a pH of from 3.0 to 2.5.
 14. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition is an ointment, gel, or emulsion.
 15. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition comprises a silicon dioxide.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition is on a carrier material.
 17. The method of claim 10, wherein the carrier material is a medical sponge or a wound cone.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein the composition comprises sodium selenite and citric acid. 